Cyanotoxins in Water Supply and Fish Farming: A Systematic Review of Occurrence, Risks and Control Strategies

Resumo

Cyanotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by cyanobacteria, posing significant risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems, particularly in water supply systems and aquaculture. This systematic review examines the occurrence, risks, and control strategies of these toxins, compiling recent studies to provide a comprehensive overview. The analysis reveals that cyanotoxins, such as microcystins, saxitoxins, and cylindrospermopsins, are frequently detected in reservoirs and aquaculture tanks, with seasonal and geographical variations influencing their prevalence. Associated risks include acute and chronic poisoning in humans, aquatic organism mortality, and economic losses for the aquaculture industry. Control strategies are discussed in three categories: prevention (monitoring and nutrient reduction), removal (physicochemical techniques such as filtration and oxidation), and mitigation (using biodegradation and algicidal agents). The review emphasizes the need for integrated policies and accessible technologies to minimize contamination, especially in regions with limited treatment infrastructure. It concludes that a combination of traditional and innovative approaches is essential to ensure water security and sustainable aquaculture.